A harmonium is a keyboard that was invented in England in around 1840 and has gained immense popularity in India and other eastern nations. However the most peculiar thing about harmonium is that it has (albeit with slight differences of detail), retained the crafting originally given by A. Debain.The harmonium used by Indians is generally hand-held & is placed on the floor while playing it. With one hand the musician plays the melody, he uses the other hand for the bellows.Whether the harmonium is crafted in India, Europe, or the US in each case, the keyboard is divided into bass and descant sections. Registers are available through coupling in similar to that of pipe-organs. Simple harmoniums have only one register but on the the larger and more elaborate instruments you may find up to eleven.The basic harmonium comes with 2-5 stops. The stop pulls out and allows air to pass to a bank of reeds. Most harmoniums will have 2 banks of reeds, sometimes a male lower bank and a female higher pitched bank.As you progress and shift to a more sophisticated harmonium you will realize that the instrument is very versatile and very temperamental.Harmonium is one of the most popular instruments for solo performance as well as for accompaniment or even group performances. By careful selection of metal, size and placement, craftsman can produce wonderful array of tone.

1)   Portable

 

Portable harmoniums fold up into a suitcase-like box ½ to 2/3 of their regular height. There is a handle in front so they can be carried with one hand like a suitcase. If you are traveling around a lot with your instrument this is an attractive option, since it’s lot easier to carry a harmonium this way than by the two side handles of a regular harmonium. If you’re not, then it’s just another moving part. In general, you sacrifice no sound by getting a portable.

 

2)  Scale Change

 

Scale change harmoniums have a mechanism that allows you to slide the keyboard up to four half steps left or right. So if you are used to always playing in B flat, and the song is in C, you just shift the keyboard up two half steps. This is not a feature you need if you can play easily in different keys, or if you will always be playing in the same key. 
On the other hand, some proficient keyboard players have told us they prefer to always play from B flat because of the way their hand sits on the keys in that position (harmonium keys being smaller than piano keys). Keep in mind that what most makers consider their best instrument is a three reed scale change model.

 

3) Double Reed OR  Triple Reed

 

Most harmoniums have two or three sets of reeds per note. See below for how these reeds can be voiced. Double reed instruments can be great, and all you need. A triple reed instrument will give you a fuller sound and more flexibility.

 

4) Full Size or Smaller

 

Most makers make some models that are slightly smaller and lighter than what is considered a normal size instrument. These are usually double reed, non scale-change harmoniums. The Bina 23b is an example of this style. These instruments often suffice for one voice.

HARMONIUM SPECS

 

Stops

Looking at the harmonium from the front there is a row of knobs, usually some larger than others. The large knobs are the stops. They open and close the air flow to the air chambers inside. (There is often some redundancy – a harmonium with 2 air chambers can have 4 stops) If you have a harmonium with 2 sets of reeds, and thus 2 air chambers, you can set your harmonium to play only one set of reeds if you desire some difference of sound texture. This is one reason some people prefer a triple reed harmonium. In reality, though, most people just keep all the stops out all the time.

Drones

The smaller knobs in front are the drones. They play a fixed note drone when pulled out. Most harmoniums come with drones that are the black keys on the keyboard (C#, D#, F#, G#, A# or some combination thereof) We can customize the drones for you, for a small additional cost.

Reeds

 

Inside each harmonium are two or three air chambers. Each air chamber powers a bank or reeds. These banks of reed are usually set in different octaves or timbres. So when you play one note you are getting at least several different octaves sounding.

Harmonium reeds are made of copper or brass. They are similiar in construction to accordion reeds. Generally, reeds come in 3 different voicings covering 3 different octaves – bass, male, and treble (sometimes called female). Bass reeds are obviously the lowest. Male reeds are an octave higher, and treble reeds one more octave up. A double reed instrument will usually be voiced B/M or M/T . A triple reed instrument can be voiced B/M/M or B/M/T or M/M/T. Different voicings produce harmoniums with different timbres and sustain.Bass reed require more air, so a B/M/T instrument will have less sustain than a M/ M/ T instrument, but will be louder.

Bellows

The bellows pump the air into the instrument. There is also an internal bellows which pushes the air up to sound the reeds. Bellows can be 2-fold, 3 fold, or 7-fold. Two and three fold bellows are attached at the bottom. Seven fold bellows can be attached on either side to allow for left or right hand pumping. The number of folds, by itself, does not determine the quality of the instrument. However, most fancy harmoniums have 7-fold bellows. Some people say that the 7-fold bellows allows for more control. Some bellows have a spring, which pushes them open after you have pumped in.

Octave Coupler

This is a feature which adds an octave to the note you are playing. A mechanical key plays the note an octave up (occasionally the octave down) from the one you are playing. This is a nice feature which can add volume to your harmonium. It toggles on and off.